The Method The digital data opportunity Positive Deviance PD is based on the observation that in every community or organization there are a few individuals who achieve significantly better outcomes than their peers despite having similar challenges and resources These individuals are referred to as positive deviants and adopting their solutions is what is referred to as the PD approach The method described in this Handbook follows the same logic as the PD approach but uses pre existing non traditional data sources instead of or in conjunction with traditional data sources Non traditional data in this context broadly refers to data that is digitally captured e g mobile phone records and financial data mediated e g social media and online data or observed e g satellite imagery The integration of such data to complement traditional data sources generally used in PD is what we refer to as Data Powered Positive Deviance DPPD Positive Deviance https en wikipedia org wiki Positive deviance Data Powered Positive Deviance Combining traditional and non traditional data to identify and characterise development related outperformed https www gdi manchester ac uk research publications di di wp91 Positive Deviance big data and development A systematic literature review https onlinelibrary wiley com doi abs 10 1002 isd2 12063 Data Powered Positive Deviance The DPPD method described in this Handbook emerged from a process of research and testing and follows the same stages as the PD approach The difference is that DPPD integrates pre existing non traditional data across the five stages requiring a series of new and specific methods and practices that are not required in the PD approach The first stage is also somewhat different because it not only defines the problem but it also checks if it is suitable and feasible to use the DPPD method for the proposed project Table 1 lists the five stages of the DPPD method This Handbook dedicates a section to each stage Recent developments in the availability of digital data provide an opportunity to look for positive deviants in new ways and in unprecedented geographical and on temporal scales A number of studies have described the challenges related to the application of the PD approach in development Given these challenges there are obvious opportunities for innovation in PD and our particular interest here is in the innovative opportunities offered by non traditional data following the increasing datafication of development and the growing availability of big datasets in a variety of development sectors DPPD builds on this and expands our ability to extract value from non traditional digital data while providing a systematic process for leveraging local know how and the collective wisdom of communities 7 8 The Positive Deviance approach Challenges and opportunities for the future https pubmed ncbi nlm nih gov 12503241 Present promise future potential Positive deviance and complementary theory http www laurelfelt org wp content uploads 2011 06 PositiveDeviance CodyMayer LaurelFelt Quals May2011 pdf Big data for development a review of promises and challenges https onlinelibrary wiley com doi full 10 1111 dpr 12142

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